Extended Data Fig. 4: Buckling test for fluid-filled battery actuator cell.
Water, serving as a substitute for the ZnI2 catholyte solution, was injected into the battery cell composite depicted in Fig. 3 to examine how inclusion of incompressible fluids affected the bending stiffness of the flow battery cells during buckling testing (n = 8). The maximum buckling force and the bending stiffness increased by approximately 10% compared to the cell tested without fluid. Error bars show 1σ uncertainties.
