Extended Data Fig. 2: Leang Bulu’ Sipong 4 rock art site.

a, b, The site is located on the east side of an isolated limestone karst tower. c, Cross-section and plan view of the cave site. The cave with the dated rock art panel is positioned in a limestone cliff face and forms the upper level or ‘annex’, above a valley-floor entrance cave and shelter complex (a, c). The entrance to Leang Bulu’ Sipong 4 is a small opening about 7.5 m above the ground floor of the lower cave (a). The cave is lit by a natural opening on the northeast face (c). The cave itself is formed in a sharply curved phreatic passage measuring 4 m in maximum width, and which is 5.9 m high at the entrance and 5.6 m high at the deepest point inside. The main rock art panel is situated in the light zone on the western wall of the cave, about 3 m above the ground floor surface (b). Other rock art inside the cave includes poorly preserved hand stencils and animal paintings. Aside from art, no other evidence for human occupation was observed in the cave.