Extended Data Fig. 5: Details of therianthrope 2, anoa 1 and anoa 2.

a, b, Therianthrope 2 and anoa 2 shown in a digital tracing (a) and photograph (b). c, Photograph of therianthrope 2, enhancing using DStretch. d, Photograph, enhancing using DStretch, of the unidentified, possible human figure to the left of anoa 1. Anoa 2 measures 74 × 29 cm. Although deteriorated, anoa 2 is clearly a dwarf bovid based on the overall body form, long tapering neck and the two straight horns visible in the head area. Therianthrope 2 is much smaller in size than anoa 2, and is positioned directly above it; therianthrope 2 appears to be holding a spear or rope that is entering (or attached to) the back of anoa 2. The area in which the head of therianthrope 2 would have been has been obliterated by exfoliation of the cave-wall surface, but although both of its arms are definitely human-like and it is evidently grasping a spear or rope, the line of the back and the shape of the neck seem to be notably similar to that of an anoa. Moreover, the bottom half of the figure is distinct from that of the top half, with a tapering profile that possibly merges into the base of a thick tail and with short, curved limbs splayed out to the side. In our opinion, this part of the body resembles the lower half of a lizard or crocodile. It is thus possible that therianthrope 2 represents a composite of at least three different kinds of animals: a human, an anoa and a quadrupedal reptile. Anoa 1, a small and incomplete animal figure (51 × 24 cm) is also visible in this part of the rock art panel. The head is missing but the overall form of the surviving portions of the body (which includes a tail) implies that it is an anoa. A possible human figure adjacent to anoa 1, and another motif above and to the left of it, are too poorly preserved for identification.