Extended Data Fig. 4: Menden stratigraphy and fossils.

a, The quarry site of Blora on the Menden terrace near Sunggu (Central Java, Indonesia), to the north of the Kendeng Hills. The red dashed lines depict mega cross-bedding in the fluvial terrace. The vertical blue lines correspond to the stratigraphic section shown in b the yellow dashed line depicts the landslide scarp, and the black box shows the location of an almost-complete elephant skeleton. b, The stratigraphy of the Menden terrace according to logs A and B (marked on a). The upper a1, a2 and b layers represent cross-laminated sands and gravels, and the lower c–g layers represent cross-bedded pebbly sandstones. The relative location of the elephant skeleton can be seen by the fossil symbol. c, The excavation of the Menden terrace to recover the elephant skeleton (Elephas hysudrindicus)—a rare elephant species, endemic to Java. d, Site plan of the partial E. hysudrindicus skeleton excavated from the Menden terrace. Thick dashed line indicates extension of the excavation. Red dashed line indicates the boundary of the quarry wall at the time the fossil was discovered. All fossils recovered south of this boundary were found in a landslide at the foot of the quarry wall. 1, partial skull; 2, right tusk; 3, left tusk; 4, mandible; 5, cervical vertebrae; 6, thoracic vertebrae; 7, lumbar vertebrae; 8, caudal vertebrae; 9, right scapula; 10, right humerus; 11, right radius; 12, right carpals; 13, right pelvis; 14, right femur; 15, right tibia; 16, right fibula; 17, right patella; 18, right pes (articulated); 19, left pelvis; 20, left tibia; 21, left radius; 22, left tarsals; 23, left scapula fragment; 24, left humerus; pale yellow bones are ribs. e, The right pelvis and femur of the elephant in articulation, lying next to the left tibia and fibula and tarsals. f, The broken lower jaw of the elephant, with teeth, recovered from the landslide. g, The skull of the elephant in cross-section, as found in the landslide scar. Convoluted sediment layers can be seen below the skull.