Extended Data Fig. 3: Relationship between DA signal and behavioural parameters.

a, Schematics of building a generalized linear model that relates user-controlled stimuli and behavioural parameters to fluorescence signals. In brief, there are three types of explanatory (independent) variables in the model. Continuous variables (speed, acceleration, rotation and position) continuously change their values as time passes. Event variables (movement initiation, cue, reward delivery and receptacle entry) are 0 except at a time point of an event when they temporarily change their value to 1. Whole trial variables (accuracy = 0 for current trial failure, 1 for current trial success; previous trial = 0 for previous trial failure, 1 for previous trial success) change their values in the beginning of a trial and stay constant until the next trial. b, Comparison of average variable contributions for VTA jRCaMP (red), NAc jRCaMP (orange) and dLight (green) for beginner (left), intermediate (middle), and expert (right) sessions. Contribution of each category was calculated by a method described in a. Kinematic variables include speed, acceleration and rotation variables. Other categories are assigned to an individual variable (a set of time-shifted variables). Mean contributions to three signals were compared by one-way repeated-measures ANOVA for each variable category. Plotted as mean ± s.e.m. across mice (n = 10 mice). c, Comparison of model fits for VTA jRCaMP (red), NAc jRCaMP (orange) and dLight (green) for beginner (left), intermediate (middle), and expert (right) sessions plotted as mean ± s.e.m. across mice (n = 10 mice). Model fit was estimated by the correlation between actual signals and predicted signals from the model. Left set of bars represent correlations during a full duration (about −40 to 80 with respect to the trigger zone entry). Right set of bars represent correlations during a trial duration (−5 to 15 s with respect to the trigger zone entry). Model fits for three signals were compared by one-way repeated-measures ANOVA. (*)P < 0.10 for one-way repeated-measures ANOVA (Bonferroni-corrected).