Extended Data Fig. 6: Selected protocols for validation.
From: Closed-loop optimization of fast-charging protocols for batteries with machine learning
The three protocols with the highest CLO-estimated mean cycle lives are shown in panels b, c and d. The protocols shown in panels a, f, g and h are approximations of previously proposed battery fast-charging protocols (Extended Data Table 1). The remaining two protocols, shown in panels e and i, were selected to obtain a representative sampling from the entire distribution of CLO-estimated cycle lives. The annotations on each panel represent the cycle lives of each protocol as estimated by CLO (‘CLO’), early outcome prediction from validation (‘Early prediction’), and the final cycle lives from validation (‘Final’). In the annotations, the errors represent the CLO-estimated standard deviation after round 4 (σk,4) for the CLO-estimated cycle lives and the 95% confidence intervals for the early-predicted and final cycle lives from validation (n = 5; n = 4 for the early predictions of 3.6C-6.0C-5.6C-4.755C) (a).
