Extended Data Fig. 7: Validation ablation analysis.

We perform pairwise comparisons of the cycle lives of the nine validation protocols, as estimated from three sources: closed-loop estimates after four rounds, early predictions from the validation experiment and final cycle lives from the validation experiment. Panels a–c compare closed-loop estimates to early predictions from validation, panels d–f compare final cycle lives from validation to early predictions from validation, and panels g–i compare final cycle lives from validation to closed-loop estimates. The first column (a, d and g) compares cycle lives averaged on a protocol basis; the second column (b, e and h) compares cycle lives on a battery (cell) basis; and the third column (c, f and i) compares the predicted ranking by cycle life via each method. Orange points represent the top three CLO-estimated protocols, blue points represent protocols inspired by the battery literature (Methods), and green points represent protocols selected to sample the distribution of estimated cycle lives. The error bars represent the 95% confidence intervals (n = 5; n = 4 for the early predictions of 3.6C-6.0C-5.6C-4.755C). The Pearson correlation coefficient and Kendall rank correlation coefficients are displayed for all relevant cycle life and ranking plots, respectively.