Extended Data Fig. 1: Experimental setup.

a, Geographical origins of 220 O. sativa accessions, of which 4 constitute additionally replicated checks (Supplementary Table 1). Seven accessions that are not from Eurasia or Africa are not shown. Varietal group (vg.) Indica accessions are indicated in indigo and vg. Japonica accessions are indicated in jade. Map data ©2019 Google. b, Populations of Indica and Japonica accessions (planted in triplicate alongside one another) were monitored for total lifetime fitness in wet (magenta) and dry (blue) fields. Both fields had identical layouts. Numbers reflect Indica populations with 3 × 136 accessions = 408 individuals planted in each field; Extended Data Fig. 3 shows Japonica populations. Under drought conditions, both multiplicative fitness components (flowering success (lime) and fecundity (green)) were relevant (multiplying to total lifetime fitness), but in wet conditions only the latter was relevant (fecundity equating to total lifetime fitness, magenta). c, Drought exerts truncating selection on the populations (declining and shifting blue versus magenta bar), and end-of-season was reached earlier under drought conditions. d, Cumulative rainfall shows one major rainfall event that caused the rainout shelter over the dry field to close temporarily after the start of the drought treatment and the sampling of leaf tissue for RNA sequencing (>51 DAS). e, During the period of flowering (>51 DAS), there was an increasing deficit in soil water potential. f, g, Patterns of volumetric soil moisture and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) were consistent with the pattern of soil water potential. Lighter shades of grey in f indicate deeper layers of soil. Grey and mustard lines in g indicate the VPD in the wet and dry field, respectively. h, Day length increased over the course of the experiment. i, Air temperature generally increased over the course of the experiment (grey and mustard lines indicate the wet and dry field, respectively).

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