Extended Data Fig. 4: Fitted association of GDP per capita with antibiotic treatment of ARI, by region.
From: Childhood vaccines and antibiotic use in low- and middle-income countries
a, b, We illustrate model-estimated probabilities of antibiotic treatment for cases of ARI among children aged 24–59 months in rural (a) and urban (b) settings associated with region and GDP per capita. Estimates for central and eastern Europe are omitted from plots as wide uncertainty intervals would obscure the illustration of associations in other settings. Shaded regions indicate 95% confidence intervals around the estimates. True intercepts are dependent on the distribution of other individual and setting-level risk factors; plotted estimates do not account for the joint distribution of other risk factors with respect to region and GDP per capita. Model parameters are included in Supplementary Table 31; estimates are nearly identical for children aged 24–59 months and 0–59 months (Supplementary Table 32). Estimates are obtained from analyses of DHS and MICS surveys comprising 566,508 children across 77 countries. Quantiles are obtained through 5,000 independent draws from the distribution of estimates.
