Extended Data Fig. 12: Brain state scoring on the basis hippocampal and neocortical recordings.

a, Exemplary broad-band (0.5-200 Hz) (top) LFP trace from the hippocampal CA1, and its filtered version in the ripple frequency band (90-190 Hz). NREM (red shades) and REM (blue shades) episodes have been scored on the basis of power-power correlations between two recording sites located close by (150 μm) in the same hippocampal subfield. Similar scoring can be done using neocortical recordings, on the basis of the LFP low-frequency power (<12 Hz, Supplementary Methods). Note the occurrence of SWR episodes (increases in high-frequency oscillations) during epochs classified as NREM-like states, and absence thereof during epochs classified as REM-like states. b, State-scoring consistency for experimental sessions in which hippocampus and neocortex were recorded (left), which was found to correlate with ripple signal-to-noise ratio (right; here measured in SD, computed from surrogate epochs were no ripples are observed) (statistics are derived from groups spont & spont1; N = 7 experimental sessions, animals A13, D11 and i09). c, Exemplary LFP traces displaying neocortical delta waves (1-4 Hz) oscillations, a well-known landmark of desynchronized (NREM) sleep. d, State-associated LFP power across neocortical, LGN and hippocampal recording sites in the delta [1-4 Hz] and theta [5-12 Hz] (P < 0.001 Wilcoxon’s ranksum test for the difference of LFP power across states, Bonferroni-corrected; N = 7 experimental sessions, animals A13, D11 and i09). e, Proportion of all SWR and theta episodes across sleep-like states, and across the two different state-scoring procedures (P > 0.05 pair-wise Wilcoxon’s ranksum test, uncorrected; N = 7 experimental sessions, animals A13, D11 and i09). f, Same as a, for one experimental session in which no neocortical activities were recorded. The scoring strongly mirrors the one performed when neocortical recordings are available. The observed changes in event occurrence (coloured dots at the top of the panel) are mirrored by fluctuations the z-scored multi-unit activity (MUA) (801-2500 Hz) of the mEFP corresponding to the same recording site illustrated in a. NREM states are accompanied by strong up-down state-like modulations (bottom subpanel), and MUA episodes, essentially absent during REM states. g, Averaged power-power correlations between two recording sites located close by (150 μm) in the same hippocampal subfield for NREM (left) and REM (right) episodes, for: one exemplary LGN-CTX-HC experimental session (top); the only PBN-LGN-HC experimental session (middle); and across all 24 PBN-HC experimental sessions (bottom). Note the increased high-frequency (>100 Hz) coupling associated with SWR episodes during the NREM-like state, which is otherwise absent during the REM-like state (black and white arrows).