Fig. 1: Plasma neutralizing activity.

a, SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus neutralization assay. Half-maximal neutralizing titre (NT₅₀) values for plasma obtained from patients who had recovered from COVID-19, measured at 1.3 months⁶ and 6.2 months⁵ after infection, as well as plasma from vaccinated individuals. NT₅₀ values lower than 10 were plotted as 10. Mean of two independent experiments. Red bars and indicated values represent geometric mean NT₅₀ values. Statistical significance was determined using the two-tailed Mann–Whitney U test. Pre-COVID-19 historical-control plasma was analysed as a negative control and showed no detectable neutralization (NT₅₀ < 10, not included in panel). NS, not significant. b, NT₅₀ values for recipients of the Moderna mRNA-1273 (black) and Pfizer–BioNTech BNT162b2 (red) vaccines. Red bars and indicated values represent geometric mean NT₅₀ values. Statistical significance was determined using the two-tailed Mann–Whitney U test. c, Anti-RBD IgG area under the curve (AUC) values (y axis) plotted against NT₅₀ (x axis). d, Anti-S IgG AUC (y axis) plotted against NT₅₀ (x axis). e, Anti-RBD IgG AUC (y axis) plotted against time between first dose and blood draw (x axis). f, Anti-S IgG AUC (y axis) plotted against time between first dose and blood draw (x axis). g, NT₅₀ (y axis) plotted against time between first dose and blood draw (x axis). The r and P values for correlations in c–g were determined by two-tailed Spearman correlation. Individuals who received the Moderna vaccine are shown in black and individuals who received the Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine are in red. h, Examples of neutralization assays, comparing the sensitivity of pseudotyped viruses with wild-type (WT) and RBD-mutant (mut) SARS-CoV-2 S to plasma from vaccinated individuals. MOD1 and PFZ10 indicate two representative individuals who received the Moderna and Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine, respectively (Supplementary Table 1). RLU, relative luminescence units. i, NT₅₀ values for neutralization by plasma from vaccinated individuals (n = 15) of pseudotyped viruses with wild-type and the indicated RBD-mutant SARS-CoV-2 S. Individuals vaccinated with the Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine are in red. j, NT₅₀ values for neutralization by plasma from individuals who had recovered from COVID-19 (n = 45) of pseudotyped viruses with wild-type and K417N/E484K/N501Y SARS-CoV-2 S. Statistical significance in i, j was determined using a one-tailed t-test. All experiments were performed a minimum of two times. Pseudotyped viruses containing the E484K mutation and corresponding wild-type controls contain the R683G mutation (Methods).