Extended Data Fig. 3: Last Interglacial and Pliocene ice-sheet simulations.
From: The Paris Climate Agreement and future sea-level rise from Antarctica
a–e, Ice-sheet simulations with the updated model physics used in our future ensembles and driven with the same LIG and Pliocene climate forcing used in ref. 8. Simulations without hydrofracturing and ice-cliff calving (a, b, d) correspond to blue lines in Extended Data Fig. 1. Simulations using maximum hydrofracturing and ice-cliff calving parameters (c, e) correspond to red lines in Extended Data Fig. 1. a, Modern (1950) ice-sheet simulation. b, c, LIG simulations run from 130 to 125 kyr ago are shown at 125 kyr ago. Values at the top of each panel are the maximum GMSL contribution between 129 and 128 kyr ago. Values in parentheses are the GMSL contribution at 125 kyr ago. d, e, Warm Pliocene simulations. Values shown are the maximum GMSL achieved during the simulations. Smaller values in parentheses show GMSL contributions after 5,000 model years (Extended Data Fig. 2d). Ice mass gain after peak retreat is caused by post-retreat bedrock rebound and enhanced precipitation in the warm Pliocene atmosphere.
