Extended Data Fig. 4: Parasites do not detectably persist in the organs, adipose tissue or dermis of mice vaccinated with candidate V23 (IFX) challenged with T. vivax.

An IFX–V23-immunized mouse was challenged with luciferase-expressing transgenic T. vivax parasites and protection from infection relative to controls was established. The mouse was rested and, nine months later, injected with luciferin to detect residual parasites using bioluminescence. No bioluminescent signals above background were detected in vaccinated mice either when the whole mouse was imaged, or within the dissected organs, adipose deposits and dermis of IFX–V23-immunized mouse (top panels). An unimmunized mouse was used 8 days after parasite challenge as a positive control (bottom panels).