Extended Data Fig. 10: Phylogenetic relationships of seed plants based on constrained parsimony.

Analyses are of the same dataset as the analyses in Extended Data Fig. 9, except for character 60: ovule-enclosing structures. The relationships among extant taxa are constrained to be compatible to a GNE-PINE molecular-backbone tree (Supplementary Information). Both trees are rooted with Elkinsia. Numbers at nodes above the lines are values of majority-rule consensus. a, The 50% majority-rule consensus of the 105 most-parsimonious trees (236 steps, CI = 0.5042, RI = 0.6759) from an analysis of the dataset in which the cupules of Triassic corystosperms, Doylea and the Inner Mongolia cupules are scored as ? for character 60. b, The 50% majority-rule consensus of the 345 most-parsimonious trees (238 steps, CI = 0.5042, RI = 0.6749) from an analysis of the dataset in which the cupules of Triassic corystosperms, Doylea and the Inner Mongolia cupules are scored as 7 (a new state) for character 60. Note that in both analyses the Bennettitales–Erdtmanithecales–Gnetales (BEG) group³⁰ (orange shading) is maintained, and Caytonia and glossopterids are resolved as the closest relatives of angiosperms, but the relationships of other angiophytes—Triassic corystosperms, Petriellales and Doylea, and the cupules from Inner Mongolia described here—are not well resolved in a but are resolved as a clade in b. See Supplementary Information for details of characters, taxa, additional information, analyses and discussion.