Extended Data Fig. 7: Additional immunological and clinical characterization of autoantibody effects in a mouse model of COVID-19.

a–n, Schematic of experiment (a) in which K18-hACE2 mice were intranasally infected with a sublethal (b–f) or median lethal (g–n) dose of SARS-CoV-2 (USA-WA1/2020 isolate) and treated with indicated antibodies. b, c, Relative frequency (b) and absolute number (c) of lung Ly6C⁺CD11b⁺CD64⁺ macrophages from mock-infected, SARS-CoV-2-infected and PBS-treated, and SARS-CoV-2-infected and anti-IFNAR-treated K18-hACE2 mice. d, Expression of CD64 on lung-infiltrating CD11b⁺Ly6C^high monocytes. e, f, Relative frequency (e) and absolute number (f) of CD44⁺CD69⁺ lymphocytes (CD4⁺ T cells, CD8⁺ T cells, NK1.1⁺ cells and γδ T cells). g, h, Viral RNA loads (g) and infectious titres (h) from lung tissue homogenates of mock-infected, SARS-CoV-2-infected and PBS-treated, and SARS-CoV-2-infected and anti-IL-18-treated mice measured by reverse-transcription qPCR and plaque assay, respectively. i, j, Relative frequency (i) or absolute number (j) of CD11b⁺ and KLRG1⁺NK1.1⁺ cells in lung tissues of PBS- and anti-IL-18-treated mice. k–n, Normalized body weight of anti-IL-18- (k), anti-IL-1β- (l), anti-IL-21R- (m), anti-GM-CSF- (n) and PBS-treated, SARS-CoV-2-infected K18-hACE2 mice from day 1 to 14 after infection. Significance was determined using one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey correction (b–f, g), and unpaired two-tailed t-tests (i, j). All n values in this figure represent biologically independent mice examined over two independent experiments.

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