Extended Data Fig. 9: Acetate does not increase colonic IgA production or SIgA binding of Enterobacterales in T-cell-deficient mice.

a, b, Representative flow cytometry plots (gated on DAPI⁺ population) illustrating faecal SIgA⁺ bacteria in Cd3e^−/− mice (a) and summary data (b) (n = 4 per group). c, Faecal SIgA concentration in Cd3e^−/− mice (n = 6 per group). d, Representative flow cytometry plots (gated on lymphocytes) depicting colonic IgA⁺B220⁻ plasma cells in Cd3e^−/− mice. e, f, The frequency among colonic lymphocytes (e) and the absolute number (f) of IgA-producing plasma cells (n = 6 per group). g, Representative flow cytometry plots (gated on B220⁺ lymphocytes) depicting GL7⁺Fas⁺ germinal-centre B cells in MLNs of Cd3e^−/− mice. h, i, The frequency of germinal-centre B cells among MLN lymphocytes (h) and the absolute number in Cd3e^−/− mice (i) (n = 5 per group). j, A principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) plot of weighted UniFrac distances for faecal SIgA⁻ and SIgA⁺ bacteria in Cd3e^−/− mice (n = 6 per group). The dashed and solid lines indicate 90% confidence levels for the SIgA⁻ and SIgA⁺ bacteria groups, respectively. k, The relative abundance of faecal SIgA⁻ and SIgA⁺ bacteria at the phylum level in Cd3e^−/− mice (n = 6 per group). l–n, The relative abundance of faecal SIgA⁻ and SIgA⁺ Bacteroidales (l), Erysipelotrichales (m) and Enterobacterales (n) in Cd3e^−/− mice (n = 6 per group). o, A principal coordinate analysis plot of weighted UniFrac distances for luminal and mucosa-associated bacteria in Cd3e^−/− mice (n = 6 per group). The dashed and solid lines indicate 90% confidence levels for the luminal and mucosa-associated bacteria groups, respectively. p, The relative abundance of gut bacteria at the phylum level in the colonic luminal contents and mucus layer of Cd3e^−/− mice (n = 6 per group). q, Ratio of mucosa-associated to luminal bacteria at the order level in Cd3e^−/− mice depicted on a log₁₀ scale, with unsupervised clustering based on Ward’s method (n = 6 per group). The taxa highlighted in bold were significantly altered in terms of their localization upon WSCA diet administration. b, c, e, f, h, i, l–n, Data are mean and s.d. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001; two-sided Wilcoxon rank-sum test (b, e, f, h, i, q), two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test (c) and Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s test (l–n). P values were corrected by FDR (q). Exact P values are provided in the Source Data.

Source data