Extended Data Fig. 8: Transcriptional signatures induced by BNT162b2 vaccination.

a, PCA analysis of bulk RNA-sequencing samples. b, RLE analysis of bulk RNA-sequencing data. c, d, Temporal expression patterns of genes within modules M111.0 (c) or M16 (d). Black lines represent the median fold change of all genes. e, Number of genes differentially expressed (absolute log₂-transformed fold change > 0.2 and Wald P < 0.01) at each time point. All time points were compared to universal baseline, day 0. Number of upregulated and downregulated genes are shown in orange and green, respectively. f, BTMs that were significantly enriched (FDR < 0.05, absolute NES > 2) after vaccination. GSEA was used to identify increased (red) or decreased (blue) enrichment of BTMs within gene lists ranked by Wald statistic between before and after vaccination at each time point. g, BTMs on day 22 relative to day 21 that were significantly associated with age. h, i, Scatter plots showing two-sided Pearson correlation of the mean fold change between day 22 and day 21 of genes in interferon modules M127, M75, M150, M111.1 and M68 (h) or module M16 (i) with IFNγ. Each dot represents an individual in all plots. Blue and red colour denote female and male participants, respectively.