Extended Data Fig. 3: Extended RA-specific GO analysis and spatiotemporal expression of select genes upregulated in the mid-fetal frontal lobe.

a, Analysis for statistically significant enrichment of upregulated genes during developmental and adult stages for GO terms associated with RA. X-axis represents windows analysed, which are defined at the bottom of the figure. b, Spatiotemporal expression of select genes upregulated in the mid-fetal frontal lobe from Fig. 1 in sixteen neocortical areas across human (red) and macaque (blue) development using BrainSpan (brainspan.org) and PsychENCODE (evolution.psychencode.org) RNA-seq data^17,19. Thick full lines represent four PFC areas, thick dotted line represents the primary motor cortex (M1C) and thin dotted lines represent the other non-frontal neocortical areas. Vertical grey box demarcates mid-fetal periods analysed in Fig. 1. Timeline of human and macaque development and the associated periods designed by Kang et al³⁹. shown below. Predicted ages were calculated using the TranscriptomeAge algorithm¹⁹, which aligns our earliest macaque samples (PCD 60) with human early mid-fetal samples. Distinct global patterns of spatiotemporal expression were observed. For example, precocious expression in the frontal lobe/PFC followed by broad expression in all eleven neocortical areas (e.g. CBLN2, BDNF), transient enrichment in the frontal lobe/PFC (e.g. WNT11, PCDH17) and downregulation in non-PFC areas during mid-fetal development (e.g. MEIS2).