Extended Data Fig. 4: Validation of N501Y competition assay by next generation sequencing.

a–e, The same RNA samples from N501Y competition with wt that were initially assessed using Sanger sequencing (Fig. 2a–f, Fig. 3g; lower panels here) were retested using next generation sequencing (NGS, upper panels). The samples were collected from the nasal washes (a, b) and tissues (c, d) from both donor and recipient hamsters and HAE cells (e). Red dots represent individual animals (n = 5, n = 10 in day 1 nasal wash of N501Y group) or biological repeats (n = 6 for HAE cells pooled from two independent experiments), the horizontal lines in each catseye represent the mean, shaded regions represent standard error of the mean; y-axes use a log₁₀ scale. Black numbers above each set of values (catseye) indicate the relative fitness estimates. P values are calculated for the group (strain) coefficient for each linear regression model.