Extended Data Table 1 Summary of TCMB(z) measurements

From: Microwave background temperature at a redshift of 6.34 from H2O absorption

  1. *CMB, measured from the cosmic microwave background; H2O, water-based method introduced here; N, number of clusters contributing to the stacked measurements; Tex, indirect measurement based on the excitation temperature of CO, [CI] or [CII] of ultraviolet absorption lines along the lines of sight to background quasars, with model-based excitation corrections applied where indicated (different values indicate model corrections from different authors to the same data); tSZ, measured from the thermal Sunyaev–Zel’dovich effect in galaxy clusters.
  2. †Where provided, the second set of error bars indicates systematic uncertainties. Other error bars correspond to statistical uncertainties.
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