Fig. 2: Kinematics of P. placentis.
From: Novel flight style and light wings boost flight performance of tiny beetles
a, Frame sequence of a single stroke in two projections. b, Measurement scheme for Euler angles. c, Trajectory of the wing tip: recovery strokes (magenta line) and power strokes (green line) and measurement scheme for angle of body pitch (χ) and pitch of stroke plane to the horizon (β). d, Wing Euler angles as functions of dimensionless time t/T, T = 1/f: stroke deviation (θ), positional (φ) and pitch (ψ). e, Elytron Euler angles (θ, φ and ψ); body pitch angle (χ). f, AoA and wing speed at radius of gyration (Rg) versus t/T.
