Extended Data Fig. 6: Electrochemical and thermal catalytic oxidation of aqueous HMF over Au/Pd catalysts.
From: Au–Pd separation enhances bimetallic catalysis of alcohol oxidation
a, Correlation between the thermo- and electro-catalytic HMF oxidation over the series of catalysts. For thermocatalytic experiments, the initial rates were from a 5-min reaction. The current densities were from the maxima observed in the corresponding CV experiments (Fig. 3a). Associated error bars correspond to mean ± s.d. (n = 3). b, Aqueous HMF oxidation over the mono- and bi-metallic Au–Pd catalysts. Reaction conditions: HMF (0.1 M); NaOH (0.4 M); H2O (16 ml); 25 °C; pO2 = 3 bar; 30 min; catalyst amounts for Au@Pd/C and Au–Pd/C:143.1 mg, Au/C: 72.1 mg, Pd/C: 71 mg, carbon balance: ca 92%. c, Catalytic performance in short circuit with current density (normalized by an electrode surface area of 0.07 cm2) generated as a function of time in the single cell. Reaction conditions: 0.1 M NaOH and 0.02 M HMF in 50 ml H2O; Au (working electrode) and Pd or C (counter electrode); 25 °C; O2 flow: 50 ml min−1. d, H-type dual cell consists of Au as the anode in an N2 flow, Pd as cathode in an O2 flow. The two cells connect via an anion exchange membrane. Reaction conditions: each cell contains 0.1 M NaOH and 0.02 M HMF in 35 ml H2O; 25 °C; gas flow O2/N2: 50 ml min-1. e, Reaction conditions: i: 0.1 M NaOH and 0.02 M HMF in 50 ml H2O, 25 °C, N2 flow: 50 ml min−1; ii: same as i, except for the O2 flow: 50 ml min−1; iii: each cell contains 0.1 M NaOH and 0.02 M HMF in 35 ml H2O, 25 °C, O2/N2 flow: 50 ml min−1; iv: same as iii, except for the disconnection of Au and Pd electrodes; v- same as iii, except the mass of Pd/C is doubled.
