Extended Data Fig. 2: Time-on-line data of aqueous HMF oxidation over series of Au/Pd catalysts and their TOF.
From: Au–Pd separation enhances bimetallic catalysis of alcohol oxidation
a, Au/C. b, Pd/C. c, Au–Pd/C alloy. d, Physical mixture of Au/C + Pd/C. e, Au@Pd/C. f, Au/C followed by the addition of Pd/C after 30 min. g, Au/C followed by the addition of C after 30 min. Reaction conditions: HMF (0.1 M); NaHCO3 (0.4 M); H2O (16 ml); Au/C: 72.1 mg; Pd/C: 71 mg; Au–Pd/C alloy: 143.1 mg; Au@Pd/C: 143.1 mg; C: 71 mg; 80 °C; pO2 = 3 bar. Key: FDCA yield (■), FFCA yield (♦), HMFCA yield (▲), HMF conversion (●), mass balance (*). Associated error bars correspond to mean ± s.d. (n = 5). h, The influence on ODH activity when various quantities of Pd/C (▲) and C (●) are added to Au/C (72.1 mg); ODH activity exhibited by various quantities of Pd/C, in the absence of Au/C, is also displayed (◂). i, The influence of oxygen pressure (0.6–3.0 bar) on ODH activity over a physical mixture of Au/C + Pd/C (▲) and Au/C (♦) is displayed. The reaction conditions used for h and i are given in Methods. j, Summary of each catalyst in terms of HMF conversion, initial rate and TOF at a 5-min reaction time. The total active sites available in each catalyst was estimated using the Mackay model, based on the presented particle size distributions25. Further information relating to how the TOFs were calculated, can be found in Methods.
