Extended Data Fig. 4: Membrane transport in vesicles in dependence on the sequence of cargo–carrier addition.

a, c, Transport kinetics (120 μM pyrenebutyrate and 130 μM B12Br122−) and b, d, dose–response curves of pyrenebutyrate (upper panels) and B12Br122− (bottom panels) for the transport of WR7 (20 μM) for a “conventional” (first carrier, then cargo, black, solid lines) vs a reverse addition (first cargo, then carrier, red, dashed lines). The transport kinetics (a) and efficiency (b) is strongly and adversely affected for pyrenebutyrate, but not for B12Br122− (c, d).