Extended Data Fig. 9: Vancomycin does not induce a shift towards LPS and does not affect CNS autoimmunity.
a, b, Vancomycin does not increase LPS producing phyla in the lung microbiota. a, Average relative abundance of bacterial phyla of lung microbiota in rats treated with PBS or vancomycin for 7 days. b, Corresponding heat map depicting the most regulated inhabitants of lung microbiota at family level. c, d, I.tr. vancomycin treatment does not affect the microglial gene expression profile. c, Volcano plots depicting the differential expression profile between vancomycin- and PBS-pre-treated rats in spinal cord derived CD45low CD11b+ microglia or in total spinal cord. d, Expression of type I IFN-regulated genes in CD45low CD11b+ microglial cells isolated from the spinal cord of rats pre-treated i.tr. for 7 days with PBS or vancomycin. Quantitative PCR. Please note that the experiment was performed in parallel with the one depicted in Fig. 4c and therefore the values in the PBS group are the same. Housekeeping gene: β-actin. Mean ± s.e.m. Cumulative data of 3 independent experiments. n = 5–12 (PBS); n = 5–11 (Vanco) per condition. e, f, I.tr. vancomycin treatment does not affect transfer EAE or EAE induced via the lung. e, Transfer EAE was induced in rats pre-treated i.tr. with PBS or vancomycin for 7 days. Clinical parameters. Mean ± s.e.m. Representative data of 3 independent experiments. n = 6 (both groups). f, Lung EAE was induced in rats pre-treated i.tr. with PBS or vancomycin for 7 days. Clinical parameters. Mean ± s.e.m. Representative data of 3 independent experiments. n = 3 (both groups). g, Oral treatment with vancomycin does not affect EAE. Transfer EAE was induced in rats pre-treated orally with PBS or vancomycin for 7 days. Clinical parameters. Mean ± s.e.m. Cumulative data of 2 independent experiments. n = 8 (PBS); n = 8 (1 mg Vanco); n = 7 (10 mg Vanco). d–f, Statistical significance determined by unpaired two-tailed t-test (Gaussian distribution) and Mann–Whitney test (non-Gaussian distribution). g, Statistical significance determined by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.
