Extended Data Fig. 5: Differential gene expression results.

a, Top list of the 50 most frequent DEGs identified for ACC and REJ. Results are shown separately for up and downregulation. Columns with darker bars indicate top lists where only changes consistent with AGE are shown. These include genes changing in the same direction with ACC and AGE, as well as genes changing in the opposite direction with REJ and AGE. b, DGE results for marrow HSCs for ACC (left) and for REJ (right). from top to bottom: volcano plots (top) show top DEGs. Comparisons of log2-fold changes (middle) show changes with parabiosis on the x-axis and with normal ageing on the y-axis. DEGs with adj. p-value < 0.05, eff. size > 0.6 are shown. Areas where ACC and AGE change in the same direction as well as where REJ and AGE change in the opposite direction are highlighted. Top pathways (GO Biological Process) with highest ‘Combined scores’ defined as in Enrichr⁵⁰ are shown at the bottom. c, Most enriched pathways (GO Biological Process) among the 100 most frequent DEGs shared across multiple cell types. Results shown for ACC and ACC-AGE same direction (top), and REJ and REJ-AGE opposite direction (bottom). Combined scores are defined as in Enrichr⁵⁰. d, Gene expression violin plots for liver hepatocytes, GAT MSCs and marrow HSCs of select genes encoding proteins of the electron transport chain. Significance values show the adj. p-values of the Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test (two-sided) based differential gene expression, see Methods: ‘Differential gene expression’.