Fig. 1: Effect sizes and sampling variability of univariate brain-wide associations.

ABCD Study sample data (n = 3,928). a, b, Effect sizes were estimated using standard correlations (bivariate linear r). Brain-wide association histograms (normalized to per panel maximum bin) of cortical thickness with cognitive ability (left, green) and psychopathology (right, purple) at all levels of analysis (vertex, ROI and network; for separated levels of analysis see Supplementary Fig. 2a, b) (a), and RSFC with cognitive ability (left, green) and psychopathology (right, purple) at all levels of analysis (edge, network and component) (b). c, d, The largest brain-wide associations (ROI, top 10%) for cortical thickness with cognitive ability (left, green) and psychopathology (right, purple) (c), and RSFC with cognitive ability (left, green) and psychopathology (right, purple) (d). e, f, Sampling variability (1,000 resamples per sample size in logarithmically spaced bins: n = 25, 33, 50, 70, 100, 135, 200, 265, 375, 525, 725, 1,000, 1,430, 2,000, 2,800 and 3,604 (3,928 for cortical thickness)) of the largest brain-wide association for each brain–behavioural phenotype pair, for cortical thickness with cognitive ability (left, green) and psychopathology (right, purple) (e), and RSFC with cognitive ability (left, green) and psychopathology (right, purple) (f). Solid lines represent the mean across 1,000 resamples. Shading represents the minimum to maximum correlation range across subsamples, for a given sample size. Grey dashed line represents the 95% confidence interval and the black dashed line represents the 99% confidence interval. f, g, Examples of two n = 25 subsamples, in which inaccurate default mode network (DMN) correlations were observed for cortical thickness with cognitive ability (left, green) and psychopathology (right, purple) (g), and RSFC with cognitive ability (left, green) and psychopathology (right, purple) (h). Black dashed line denotes linear fit from full sample.

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