Extended Data Fig. 6: Modelled contribution of HNO3–H2SO4–NH3 nucleation to upper tropospheric particles.
From: Synergistic HNO3–H2SO4–NH3 upper tropospheric particle formation
Number concentrations of multi-acid new particles (nucleation mode) at 250-hPa altitude simulated in a global model (EMAC) with efficient vertical transport of ammonia. The particle formation rate is on the basis of the blue dashed curve in Fig. 2 and parameterization shown in Extended Data Fig. 5. The extra particle number concentrations are shown, that is, relative to the same model without multi-acid nucleation. High annually averaged particle numbers are expected in the monsoon region (grey rectangle) and adjacent regions.
