Extended Data Fig. 5: Growth of teixobactin-Lipid II fibrils and membrane deformation captured by HS-AFM.
From: Teixobactin kills bacteria by a two-pronged attack on the cell envelope
a) Snapshots of time-lapse High-Speed Atomic Force Microscopy (HS-AFM) images following the assembly of teixobactin-Lipid II fibrils on a supported DOPC-lipid bilayer in the presence of 1% Lipid II and 1 µM teixobactin. Image acquisition rate 2 frames/second. b) Snapshots of time-lapse HS-AFM images following the assembly of fibrils on a supported lipid bilayer in the presence of 4% Lipid II and 1 µM teixobactin. Fibril growth on the membrane (0-91 s), absorption of the fibrils (91-350 s), and membrane deformation (1070-1468 s) can be observed. In the last two frames both fibrillar sheets on top (yellow colour) and below (dark brown/black colour) the membrane can be observed. Image acquisition rate 2 frames/second. c) Snapshot images from the neighbouring regions (of the area panel b) that were not previously imaged. This shows that membrane deformation occurred over the entire surface independent of the imaging. d) Fibrillar sheet below the membrane, observed 50 min after the addition of 800 nM teixobactin on a membrane containing 1% Lipid II. The dark brown structures spanning from the top of the image to the bottom are the fibrils below the membrane (yellow color). The black area at the bottom right is a hole in the membrane where the mica surface can be observed. e) Zoom-in of white rectangle in panel d) including height profile of the fibrillar sheet below the membrane. The red arrows point at the tops of a few adjacent fibrils. f) Histogram of peak-to-peak distance between fibrils in sheets on top of the membrane and below the membrane surface revealing a stable ~8 nm peak-to-peak distance after the fibrils have descended into the surface.
