Extended Data Fig. 4: Planktonic cells present a small, noisy current response to thiosulfate.

(A) The chronoamperometric response of planktonic I⁺C⁺O⁺ and I^C42AC⁺O⁺ cells in a bioelectrochemical reactor. Arrows indicate the addition of thiosulfate to varying concentrations. Data represents the mean values with error bars representing one standard deviation (n = 3 biologically independent samples). The working electrodes were poised at +0.42 V_SHE. (B) The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was calculated as dividing the average current generated from bacteria by the standard deviation (n = 3) of the current. The average SNR across the 150 to 400 min was calculated to reflect the SNR changes between planktonic (-gel) and encapsulated (+gel) strains, as 140.00 for +gel, I⁺C⁺O⁺, 4.35 for -gel, I⁺C⁺O⁺, 12.27 for +gel, I^C42AC⁺O⁺ and 2.88 for -gel, I^C42AC⁺O⁺.

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