Extended Data Fig. 8: Metabolic and immunological parameters in gnotobiotic mice on inulin fibre diet.

a, Schematic diagram for the FMT experiment with human microbiota. b, Taxonomic classification of 16S rRNA genes in faecal suspension from individual human donors or stool pellets collected from representative recipient mice with corresponding human microbiota on control or inulin fibre diet (n = 4 human donors or recipient mice). c–d, Serum CA (c) and tissue eosinophil (d) levels in the diet-fed recipient mice. Each dot represents one animal, and each colour represents one donor. For serum CA levels, n = 15 control mice or 17 inulin fibre mice. For tissue eosinophil levels, n = 14 control mice or 16 inulin fibre mice. e–h, Representative metabolic and immunological parameters of mice colonized with faecal content from one donor two weeks post initiation of the indicated diets (n = 4 mice for control or 5 mice for inulin fibre). Levels of various unconjugated and conjugated bile acid were measured in serum (e) and faeces (f). Il33 expression was measured in the colon (g) and IL-5⁺ ILC2s in colon and lung (h) two weeks post initiation of the indicated diets. i–j, Single colonies of WT or Δbsh B. ovatus (Bo) strains were cultured in Mega medium with 100 µM taurocholic acid (TCA) for 72 h and then TCA (i) and CA (j) in 100 μl culture supernatants were quantified, n = 3 independent bacterial colonies. k–q, GF mice were monocolonized with WT or Δbsh Bo and fed control or inulin fibre diet. CA and TCA were measured. For serum, n = 10 mice (WT Bo control or Δbsh Bo inulin fibre) or n = 11 mice (WT Bo inulin fibre or Δbsh Bo control). For faeces, n = 6 mice (WT Bo) or n = 8 mice (Δbsh Bo control) or n = 7 mice (Δbsh Bo inulin fibre), and for caecal content, n = 3 mice (WT Bo) or 4 mice (Δbsh Bo) (k–m). Il33 expression in the colon (n), IL-5⁺ ILC2s in the lung (o), and faecal CFUs (p) were measured (n = 3 mice for WT Bo, n = 4 mice for Δbsh Bo control, n = 3 mice for Δbsh Bo inulin fibre). Expression levels of bsh gene BO_02350 in faecal samples were also quantified (n = 3 mice) (q). Data are representative of (b–j,m–q) or combined (c,d,k,l) from 2-4 independent experiments. Data are means ± s.e.m. Statistics were calculated by unpaired two-tailed t-test (c–j) or two-way ANOVA with Fisher’s LSD test (k–q). The diagram in a was created using BioRender.

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