Extended Data Fig. 6: Scan-rate variation (0.02–2.0 V s−1) of cyclic voltammograms of [3]CMM•13PF6 (0.5 mM).

As the scan rate is increased to 2.0 V s−1, only one reduction peak for the radical state [3]CMM7+6• is observed, indicating that the electron-transfer process is much faster than ring movement at this fast scan rate. This observation suggests that, under the experimental conditions used during the operation of the [3]catenane motor, the reduction to the radical state [3]CMM7+6• and the reoxidation to the fully oxidized state [3]CMM13+ is completed fully and very rapidly.