Extended Data Fig. 5: Surface AFM mapping shows decreasing ratio of exposed polymer to metal phases, on non-conductive, BIND and non-adhesive interfaces.

a-c, AFM modulus mapping show the polymer/metal ratio on the surface decreases from non-conductive interface (a), to BIND interface (b), to non-adhesive interface (c), which is consistent with the adhesion mapping (Fig. 2a). Due to the large modulus difference, polymer and metal phase can be easily distinguished and are labeled in blue and yellow color, respectively. d-f, AFM height mapping shows similar height variation on non-conductive interface (d) and BIND interface (e), because their height variation comes from the half-immersed gold nanoparticles. For non-adhesive interface (f), the height variation comes from the stacking gold nanoparticles on top of the polymer, so the variation range is slightly different from the non-conductive and BIND interfaces. Scale bar: 100 nm.