Extended Data Fig. 10: MPO+ macrophages are associated with enhanced cytotoxic functions.

a, Pie chart depicting the distribution of macrophage subsets within the total pool of MPO+ CD68+ macrophages in glioblastoma (n = 192 images). Percentages reflect the proportion of total MPO+ CD68+ cells. b, Representative IMC images of MPO+ MDMs in two glioblastoma samples. c, Normalized expression of MPO in glioblastoma and BrM immune cell subsets via RNA-seq (data from ref. ¹⁶). Data are mean ± s.e.m.; n-values depicted indicate number of patients. d, Normalized expression of MPO in human blood immune cell subsets via RNA-seq (data from ref. ⁶¹). e, Heatmap displaying the top 50 differentially expressed genes in MPO+ versus MPO- macrophages that were common to three independent publicly available glioblastoma scRNA-seq datasets (data from refs. ^51,52,53). f, Pairwise interaction/avoidance scores using two-sided permutation tests on individual images (1,000 permutations each) between endothelial cells and MPO+ versus MPO- M1-like MDMs (n = 192 images). Colour indicates interaction (red) or avoidance (blue) and circle size reflects the magnitude of the interaction score. g, Representative immunohistofluorescence images of MPO (green) and IBA1 (red; macrophage marker) co-localization in glioblastoma tumours. Examples of MPO+ IBA1+ macrophages are shown in insets, along with MPO+ IBA1- neutrophils or MPO- IBA1+ macrophages (n = 5 images). h, Pairwise interaction/avoidance scores using two-sided permutation tests on individual images (1,000 permutations each) for MPO+ M1-like MDM with other cell types (n = 192 images); interaction (red), avoidance (blue). i, Kaplan-Meier analysis of glioblastoma LTS/STS cohort based on median MPO+CD163-P2Y12-CD68+ macrophage enrichment. Cell frequencies were averaged when multiple samples corresponded to the same patient. Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test, n = 16 patients/group. j, Frequency of MPO+ M1-like MDM as a percentage of total cells in the glioblastoma LTS/STS cohort (n = 16 patients/group) and recurrent glioblastoma (n = 10 patients). Frequencies were averaged when multiple samples corresponded to the same patient. Data are median ± interquartile range; two-sided Mann-Whitney test.