Extended Data Fig. 1: Changes of agricultural sustainability with ageing in 2019.
From: Ageing threatens sustainability of smallholder farming in China
(a) Total agricultural input; (b) Agricultural output; (c) Labour productivity; (d) Fertilizer use; (e) Manure use; (f) Fertilizer loss ratio; (g) Per capita disposable income from agricultural sector; (h) Farm size; (i) Machine input. (a)-(c), (d)-(e), (g)-(i) show the economic, environmental and social impacts of agricultural sustainability, respectively. The predicted means the counterfactual value with ageing ratio equivalent to 1990. The observed means the observed value in 2019. The input, output, fertilizer, manure and machine are all weighted with the total cultivated area on province-level. Labour productivity is weighted with the total labour input on province-level. Farm size and income are arithmetic averages. Acronyms for 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government are listed in Table S4. Shanghai, Tibet and Xinjiang are not depicted due to data limitation.
