Fig. 4: Data examples from individual explosions.
From: Identifying attacks in the Russia–Ukraine conflict using seismic array data
a, Hostomel Airport attack. b, An explosion at an oil depot in Chernyakhiv. c, An airstrike on Chernihiv, the largest military explosion recorded. d, An unreported explosion northeast of Malyn. e, A missile strike at Malyn train station. Selected waveforms are shown at various distance ranges from the source. One spectrogram example per event is shown below the waveform of the respective station. P-wave (P), S-wave (S), acoustic wave (IS) and surface wave (Rg) are labelled by arrows in blue, red, green and yellow, respectively. Event magnitudes are indicated. Inset maps in a and e (scale bars, 1 km) show the automatic event location (red star) and the manual event location including acoustic arrivals (green star) compared with the ground-truth location (yellow circle). These locations are provided in Extended Data Table 2. f, Map indicating the example event locations as red circles and labelled A–E. Green circles show all events with detected acoustic arrivals and grey circles without observable acoustic arrivals. Scale bar, 50 km.
