Extended Data Fig. 2: Patterns of gene expression conservation and divergence.

a. Pairwise divergence vs conservation index of gene expression for each species pair. b. A scatter plot highlighting the correspondence of gene expression conservation index to average PhastCons score across exonic sequences of each gene. c. Heatmaps in each species highlighting conserved (top) and human-biased (bottom) genes in each cell type. Genes are ordered by the highest expressed cell type in the human data. d. Histograms highlighting the distribution of entropy-based cell type specificity measures for each human for each indicated category. Pie charts summarizing the proportion of ubiquitously expressed (specificity ≤ 0.01) genes in each indicated category. e. Dot plot displaying the GO terms enriched in ubiquitously expressed mammal conserved genes. f. Dot plot displaying the top significant GO terms enriched in ubiquitously expressed primate conserved genes. g. Top significant GO analysis terms for non-ubiquitous primate conserved genes. h. Top significant GO analysis terms for non-ubiquitous human biased genes in L5/6 NP neurons and oligodendrocyte precursor cells. i. Dot plot displaying human-biased L5/6 NP neuron genes involved in triglyceride catabolic processes. The size of each point represents the percent of cells with a transcript detect. Each point is coloured by species. j. Dot plot displaying human-biased OPC genes involved in the negative regulation of blood vessel morphogenesis. The size of each point represents the percent of cells with a transcript detected. Each point is coloured by species. k. Dot plots displaying the top significant GO terms identified in non-ubiquitously expressed human-biased genes, for each cell type where a significant enrichment was identified. Species silhouettes in a and c created in BioRender.