Fig. 3: Genetic, phenotypic, dietary and environmental shifts in Denmark through time.

Evidence of two population turnovers in chronologically sorted multiproxy data from 100 Danish Mesolithic, Neolithic and Early Bronze Age skeletons (Supplement Data 1). The figure shows concomitant changes in (from the top) admixture proportions in non-imputed genome-wide data, Y chromosomal and mitochondrial haplogroups, genetic phenotype predictions (based on imputed data) and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N isotope data as proxies for mobility and diet, respectively. Predicted height values represent differences (in cm) from the average height of the present-day Danish population; probabilities for the hair colours (blond, brown, black and red) and eye colours (blue and brown) are shown, with grey denoting probability of intermediate eye colour (including grey, green and hazel). Lower panel shows the quantitative changes in vegetation cover, based on pollen analyses at Lake Højby in Zealand. Note that the vegetation panel covers a shorter time interval than the other panels. Black vertical lines mark the first presence of Anatolian Neolithic farmer ancestry and Steppe-related ancestry, respectively. Individuals with low genomic coverage, signs of possible contamination and/or low genotype prediction score (GP) are indicated (Methods).