Fig. 3: Aboveground and belowground food-web indicators in rainforest and plantations.
From: Rainforest transformation reallocates energy from green to brown food webs
a–d, Bulk indicators were calculated separately for aboveground (canopy arthropods and birds, above the zero line) and belowground food webs (soil arthropods and earthworms, below the zero line) for total biomass (a), total energy flux (b), food-web complexity (c) and trophic hierarchy (d). Trophic hierarchy was calculated as the ratio of all ‘predatory’ energy fluxes to all ‘basal resource consumption’ energy fluxes. e, Carbon cycling rate was calculated as the ratio of all outgoing fluxes from bacteria to all outgoing fluxes from fungi. f, Carbon balance was calculated as the ratio of all produced faeces (unassimilated food) to all outgoing fluxes from soil organic matter. Each point is a site, bars represent means (n = 8 sites per system). Colours denote land-use systems (dark green, rainforest; light green, jungle rubber; orange, rubber; yellow, oil palm). Units for each parameter are given in brackets; note square root scale in a, b and f. Asterisks mark significant differences of mean values for the given parameter aboveground or belowground from that in rainforest (generalized linear mixed-effects models; two-tailed ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05). Effects of land-use system (S) and aboveground/belowground ecosystem compartment (C) and their interaction (S:C) on the tested parameters are given below the corresponding bar charts. F, rainforest; J, jungle rubber; R, rubber; O, oil palm.
