Extended Data Fig. 1: Sensitivity analysis of the food-web reconstruction.

Effect of the food-web reconstruction coefficients (i.e. food-web topology) on aboveground (solid line) and belowground energy fluxes (dashed line) in four land-use systems (dark green – forest, light green – jungle rubber, orange – rubber, yellow – oil palm; n = 8 sites per system, standard error is shown as the variation measure). Coefficients used in the main analysis are shown with black vertical lines. Omnivory controls how important auxiliary resources are for the consumers (a). Self-predation controls for the extent to which each node feeds on itself (cannibalism), where 1 means that individuals of their own guild are considered in the same way as those in all other nodes (b). Size-structured predation controls for deviations from the rules of predator–prey mass ratios (c). Spatial predation controls for deviations from the rules of spatial niche overlap (d). Protection controls for the importance of prey protection (e).