Extended Data Fig. 6: PCAs of male sex pheromones and host plant use show that H. elevatus, H. pardalinus and H. melpomene from the western Amazon form three distinct clusters in trait space.
From: Hybrid speciation driven by multilocus introgression of ecological traits
a, PCA applied to concentrations of 30 male androconial volatiles. Loadings for selected compounds are annotated. b, PCA applied to oviposition preference of H. elevatus, H. pardalinus and H. melpomene for 21 species of Passiflora. Heliconius melpomene (24 females) laid 288 eggs and exhibited a strong preference for P. menispermifolia and P. triloba. Heliconius elevatus (35 females) laid 173 eggs and exhibited a preference for P. kaipiriensis. H. pardalinus butleri (51 females) laid 425 eggs and had a more generalized host plant use. To estimate the sample variance for each species, subsamples of 30 were drawn with replacement from the distribution of each species (1,000 replicates). PCA was then run on these bootstrapped replicates, polygons are minimum convex hulls encompassing all subsamples for each species. Images of butterfly wings are copyright of the authors and Michel Cast.
