Extended Data Fig. 9: Temperature-dependent surface morphology and high-resolution AFM images of ice surfaces.
From: Imaging surface structure and premelting of ice Ih with atomic resolution
a-c, Constant-frequency-shift (upper) and corresponding constant-height (lower) AFM images of ice films grown at 121 K, 125 K and 152 K, respectively. As the temperature increases, the surface experiences a growing level of disorder due to the pre-melting process. The appearance of a deep valley in the surface morphology at 152 K arises from the desorption of water molecules in vacuum. The PLSs, the peripheries of Ic/Ih domains and the surface disorder area are indicated by red arrows, orange/yellow lines and white dashed lines, respectively. Constant-frequency-shift images were acquired at the set point of −100 mHz, −200 mHz and −100 mHz, respectively, all with 200-pm oscillation amplitude.
