Extended Data Fig. 6: Comparisons across 1-hour blocks.

Changes in ripple properties, firing rates, explained variance and replays were assessed using 1-h blocks, based on the last hour of PRE, 1-h periods immediately after MAZE (ZT 0-1) and 1-h blocks immediately before and after recovery sleep (ZT 4-5 and ZT 5-6). All box plots depict the median and top/bottom quartiles (whiskers = 1.5 x interquartile range) of the hierarchically bootstrapped data with individual session means overlaid with connecting dots. Similar to our results for 2.5 h blocks in the main text, (A) ripple frequency (left) decreased over NSD (n = 143681 ripples total from 8 sessions) but increased in SD (n = 157964 ripples total from 8 sessions) relative to MAZE, with a rebound drop in RS (ZT 5-6). Rightmost panel highlights cross-group comparisons for the first block of sleep (NS1 vs. RS) and second block of SD vs. NSD. In both groups, sharp-wave amplitudes (middle) and ripple power (right) increased from MAZE to the first block of POST (ZT 0-1). Sharp-wave amplitude (middle) and ripple power (right) further increased in RS. Cross-group comparisons at ZT 4-5 showed increased ripple power in NSD compared to SD. (B) Firing rate of pyramidal neurons show decreasing firing rates during sleep but not during SD (n = 442 pyramidal neurons / 48 interneurons from 8 sessions NSD, 312 pyramidal neurons / 48 interneurons from 8 sessions SD). (C) EV was significantly lower in SD at ZT4-5 compared to NSD, with a modest but significant rebound during RS, but to lower levels than during the first hour of natural sleep. n = 20544 cell-pairs from 6 NSD sessions and n = 8114 cell-pairs from 7 SD sessions. (D) (left). The proportion of candidate ripple events that decoded continuous trajectories in different epochs (n = 65744 candidate events from 7 SD sessions and n = 56669 candidate events from 6 NSD sessions). SD sessions featured significantly fewer trajectory replays by ZT4-5. Critically, the proportion of replays in RS was significantly lower than in NS1. Similar results were observed for replay number (middle). A significant decrease was observed in mean replay event duration (right) for SD (n = 13911 replays from 7 sessions) but not NSD (n = 15866 replays from 6 sessions) from ZT0-1 to ZT4-5. Statistics: two-sided within-group comparisons and one-sided cross-group comparisons with hierarchical bootstrap, ^#P < 0.1, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, with no correction for multiple comparisons. See Supplementary Table 1 for additional details.