Extended Data Fig. 7: Replay characterization during NREM and WAKE.

(A) Replays showed no bias in directionality. (B) The total number of candidate events decreased during POST in non sleep-deprivation (NSD, n = 64205 candidate events from 6 sessions) but remained elevated during sleep deprivation (SD, n = 72584 candidate events from 7 sessions) from the first to second block (SD1 to SD2), but dropping from SD2 to recovery sleep (RS). (C) The proportion of candidate events that scored as trajectory replays in NSD and SD groups, measured separately in WAKE (n = 30852 events from 6 NSD sessions and n = 59820 events from 7 SD sessions) and NREM (n = 32258 events from 6 NSD sessions and 11903 events from 7 SD sessions) states in each block. The rightmost panel provides comparisons between the first block of extended NREM sleep for each group (ZT 0-2.5 in the NSD group vs. ZT 5-7.5 in the SD group) and between WAKE during the second (late) block of POST (ZT 2.5-5 for both groups). There was a significantly lower proportion of trajectory replays in NREM recovery sleep (RS) compared to natural sleep (NS1) and fewer in WAKE (SD2 vs. NS2), demonstrating that these results were significant when assessed within states as well as when compared across time blocks that involved pooled states, as in Fig. 4. Note also that there was a significant increase in the proportion of trajectory replays during NREM from PRE to POST, consistent with previous studies indicating increased replay following novel MAZE exposure^43,44. (D) Same as (C) but for the total number of trajectory replay events. Interestingly, the total number of trajectory replays decreased within WAKE in the NSD group, but did not change within SD, resulting in a greater total number of trajectory replays in SD2 compared to NS2. Importantly, however, there were significantly fewer trajectory replays in NREM RS vs. NS1. (E) Same as (C) but for duration of trajectory replay events (NREM: n = 8291 replays from 6 NSD sessions, n = 1869 replays from 7 SD sessions; WAKE: n = 9128 replays from 6 NSD sessions, n = 12940 replays from 7 NSD sessions). Note the decreased duration of these events during waking in SD2 vs. SD1. All box plots depict the median and top/bottom quartiles (whiskers = 1.5 x interquartile range) of the hierarchically bootstrapped data with individual session means overlaid with connecting dots. Statistics: Panel A: two-tailed, paired t-tests for within group comparisons and one-tailed Welch’s t-tests for cross-group comparisons; Panels B-E, two-sided within-group comparisons and one-sided cross-group comparisons with hierarchical bootstrap, ^#P < 0.01, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, with no correction for multiple comparisons. See Supplementary Tables 1 and 2 for additional details.