Extended Data Fig. 3: Firing rate changes within each state separately.

Mean firing rates calculated solely within the awake (WAKE) state (A) or solely within NREM (B) with individual sessions overlaid and connected. Differences calculated separately within wake or NREM were less pronounced than those shown in Fig. 2b,c, consistent with the noted effect of background state on hippocampal firing rates^25,29. However, when estimating the metabolic cost of neuronal firing²³, comparisons that overlook the state and consider temporal variations in rates, such as those depicted in Fig. 2b and c, are most appropriate. In WAKE (A), firing rates showed a trend towards decreased rates in pyramidal cells (top row) in the NSD group (n = 442 neurons from 8 sessions) but not in SD (n = 312 neurons from 8 sessions). The decrease in firing rates during brief wakings with the recovery sleep period (right panel) likewise showed a trend towards significance vs. a similar period in NSD. Interneuron firing rates (bottom row) within WAKE in recovery sleep showed a trend towards significance in comparison to the similar period in NSD (n = 48 cells from 8 NSD sessions and n = 48 cells from 8 SD sessions). In NREM (B) no significant differences were detected across groups or periods. (C) and (D) Same as (A) and (B) but for active wake (AW) and quiet wake (QW). (E) Firing rate distribution for all pyramidal cells recorded during SD sessions for AW vs. QW. Firing rates in both WAKE states remain skewed from log-normal distribution throughout SD. (F) Interquartile range (IQR) of the log firing rate of pyramidal cells reveals a trend toward a broader range of firing rates in AW vs. QW during SD. All box plots depict the median and top/bottom quartiles (whiskers = 1.5 x interquartile range) of the hierarchically bootstrapped data with individual session means overlaid with connecting dots. Statistics: A-D, F: two-sided paired within group and one-sided cross-group comparisons with hierarchical bootstrapping; E: Shapiro-Wilk tests performed on each bootstrapped log distribution, with P obtained from the proportion of bootstraps with significant skew; ns (not significant), ^#P < 0.1, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, with no correction for multiple comparisons. See Supplementary Table 1 for additional details.