Fig. 2: Canadian forests climate anomalies for 2023 relative to 2003–2022 mean.

a–d, Maps (left) and time series (right) of CPC global unified gauge-based cumulative precipitation (∑P) (a), MERRA-2 2 m temperature (with 2 week running mean) (b), MERRA-2 VPD (with 2 week running mean) (c) and fire CO2 + CO emissions from the GFED4.1s database (d). All maps are shown at a spatial resolution of 0.5° × 0.625° and Z-scores are for the area-mean of Canadian forests. Note that GFED4.1s is shown instead of the inversion results because those are at a coarser spatial resolution and cover a shorter time period, maps of prior and posterior mean fire emissions are shown in Supplementary Fig. 14. Months are shown from January (J) to December (D).