Fig. 1: Shared drift and identity by descent between Ancient Rapanui and present-day populations.

a, f₃-statistics of the form f₃(Yoruba; X, Ancient Rapanui), for each population X in a worldwide genotype panel including 755,094 SNP sites. For each ancient individual, we sampled one random allele at each site and pooled these ‘pseudohaploid calls’ to estimate allele frequencies. In addition, we include data from two previously published Polynesian individuals originally from an unknown island. The lighter a point is, the greater shared drift between a population (X) and the ancient individuals sequenced in this study. Raw results are presented in Extended Data Fig. 1 and Supplementary Table 4. Confirmatory f₃-statistics for a broader set of Oceanian individuals^7,39 are presented in Supplementary Fig. 12 and Supplementary Table 5. b, Average IBD sharing between pairs of individuals from different Polynesian groups as estimated using IBDseq⁴⁰. For all possible pairs of individuals between two groups (for example, the 45 possible pairs between the 15 Ancient Rapanui and the 3 present-day Rapanui) we show the average cumulative length of segments shared IBD, stratified by segment length (colour scheme). We show results for the 15 Ancient Rapanui (left), three representative present-day Rapanui with low European admixture (middle) and two Ancient Polynesians (right) with unknown sampling location. For this analysis, we imputed the ancient individual sequence data to obtain diploid genotypes. Results for each individual (not pooled means) are presented in Supplementary Fig. 20 (including called IBD segments <15 cM). IBDseq estimates stratified by length are presented in Supplementary Table 15.