Fig. 4: Electromechanical response of the 200-nm-thick NNO films and simulation of domain dynamics during AFE–FE phase transition.
From: Ultrahigh electromechanical response from competing ferroic orders
a, Three-dimensional mapping of surface displacement of the NNO film measured under a.c. drive amplitude of 1 V at 1 kHz. b, Electric-field-dependent effective piezoelectric coefficient and strain of the NNO film at 1 KHz. c,d, Evolution of strain change (c) and domain switching and interphase boundary motion (d) in the NNO film under various electric fields based on the phase-field simulation. The dynamics of dipoles (black arrows in d) responsive to an electric field manifests itself as a motion of FE/AFE interfaces followed by a domain switching (red arrows) and finally a transformation into a pure FE phase.
