Extended Data Fig. 5: Spatial correlations between the summer EU JSL reconstruction and gridded July-August climate reconstructions for Europe.

(a) July-August 500 hPa geopotential height (Z500)³⁵ for 1659–1999 ce; (b) July-August temperature³⁶ for 1766–2000 ce; (c) July-August precipitation³⁶ for 1766–2000 ce; and (d) June-July-August Old World Drought Atlas (OWDA) self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (scPDSI)³⁷ for 1300–2004 ce. Panels in the far-left column show the entire period of overlap between the climate data and the EU JSL reconstruction, followed by the data over three roughly 100-year subperiods: the 18^th, 19^th, and 20^th centuries (from left to right). Colored correlation maps are shown only where p ≤ 0.1 and areas with statistically significant values after controlling for the false discovery rate (αFDR ≤ 0.1) are cross-hatched.