Fig. 3: Reconstructed summer EU JSL from 1300 to 2004 ce with composited extreme summer EU JSL years for climate variables in Europe.
From: Jet stream controls on European climate and agriculture since 1300 ce
a, Comparison between reconstructed summer EU JSL and instrumental summer EU JSL (1948–2004 ce). b, Reconstructed summer EU JSL from 1300 to 2004 ce with uncertainty (Methods; grey shading). The blue line shows the low-frequency variability of the reconstruction (20-year cubic smoothing spline) and the dotted line shows the mean. Grey vertical shading indicates the instrumental period (1948–2004 ce). c–j, Composite maps for years with extremely positive (D90; north) and negative (D10; south) reconstructed EU JSL values for July–August 500 hPa geopotential height (Z500) (ref. 35) for the period 1659–1999 ce (c,d); July–August temperature36 for 1766–2000 ce (e,f); July–August precipitation36 for 1766–2000 ce (g,h); and June–July–August Old World Drought Atlas (OWDA) scPDSI (ref. 37) for 1300–2004 ce (i,j). In c–j, coloured composite maps are shown only where P ≤ 0.1, and areas with statistically significant values after controlling for the false discovery rate (αFDR ≤ 0.1) are cross-hatched.
